Terbuat dari apakah cangkir kertas?

Terbuat dari apakah cangkir kertas?

 

A cangkir kertas is a cangkir sekali pakai made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastik atau wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.^[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper^[4] and is widely used around the world.

 

Sejarah[sunting]

Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.^[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.^[6] Mereka dibuat dalam berbagai ukuran dan warna, dan dihiasi dengan desain dekoratif. Bukti tekstual cangkir kertas muncul dalam deskripsi harta benda keluarga Yu, from the city of Hangzhou.^[6]

Gelas kertas modern dikembangkan pada abad ke-20. Pada awal abad ke-20, berbagi gelas atau gayung di sumber air seperti keran sekolah atau tong air di kereta adalah hal yang lumrah. Penggunaan bersama ini menyebabkan masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Salah satu penyelidikan penting dalam penggunaannya adalah penelitian oleh Alvin Davison, biology professor at Lafayette College, diterbitkan dengan judul yang sensasional “Kematian di Piala Minum Sekolah” in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. Artikel tersebut dicetak ulang dan didistribusikan oleh Dewan Kesehatan Negara Bagian Massachusetts pada bulan November 1909.^[7]

Berdasarkan kekhawatiran tersebut, dan sebagai barang kertas (terutama setelahnya 1908 penemuan Piala Dixie) menjadi tersedia secara murah dan bersih, larangan lokal diberlakukan pada cangkir untuk digunakan bersama. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, yang mulai menggunakannya 1909. Oleh 1917, kaca umum telah hilang dari gerbong kereta api, diganti dengan gelas kertas bahkan di yurisdiksi di mana kacamata umum belum dilarang.^[8]

Gelas kertas juga digunakan di rumah sakit karena alasan kesehatan. Di dalam 1942 Massachusetts State College menemukan dalam sebuah penelitian bahwa biaya penggunaan kacamata yang bisa dicuci, digunakan kembali setelah dibersihkan, adalah 1.6 kali lipat biaya penggunaan cangkir kertas sekali pakai.^[9] Studi-studi ini, serta pengurangan risiko infeksi silang, mendorong penggunaan cangkir kertas di rumah sakit.

Germ Theory and Paper Cups[sunting]

Initial interest in and movement toward the banning of public drinking cups can be traced back to the Plague of 1564 when individual communion cups were banned in European churches out of suspicion that the common cup let to the spread of illness.^[2] Namun, scientific query into the safety of communal drinking cups was first recorded in 1901 when A. Metzger and N. C. Müller surveyed 112 physicians throughout the United States who shared health concerns related to the common drinking cup, finding that suspicions of danger were justified based on input from many of these physicians. Scientists O. Ruepke and H. Huss of New York later conducted a study of guinea pigs wherein they proved tuberculosis could be transmitted from “one mouth to another by means of a drinking glass.”^[2]

Kematian di Piala Minum Sekolah[sunting]

Another significant discovery came in 1907, when a study done by Lafayette College professor Alvin Davison concluded that the common drinking cups which were used at most water fountains were a repository for disease-causing germs and bacteria. By analyzing over 2000 students in the Easton Public School system he saw that “the germs of diphtheria and grippe frequently remain from one to three months in the mouths of the patients after they have recovered.”^[3] Davison took deposits that were present on public drinking vessels in the schools and fed them to guinea pigs. He examined fragments of these cups and estimated that they contained over 20,000 human cells and that each cell had as close to 150 germs clinging to it. After giving a sample of the cells and bacteria on the drinking cups to two guinea pigs, one died within two days and the second died a few weeks later. Davison found traces of pneumonia and tuberculosis germs in both corpses. Davison concluded that the common drinking cup was a harbor for dangerous germs that caused diseases and recommended that they should no longer be used in public spaces.

Public Response[sunting]

Following this mounting definitive evidence, states began to pass bans on public drinking cups. As of February 1911, 7 states had abolished the common drinking cup and many more would follow. Moreover, “more than 40 railroads throughout the country [had] substituted the individual paper cups for the old time rusty cup familiar to everyone.”^[4] Beyond bans in public places, institutions including public schools and railroad companies began to react to the pressure to curb the usage of public cups. Again as of 1911, “The public schools throughout our country are rapidly awakening to the problem. In a very large percent of our cities some form of bubbling fountain or the individual drinking cup is now used.”^[4]

The publication of this information in 1911 in a major journal speaks to the wave of criticism permeating the mainstream that started the movement against public drinking cups. It was precisely this wave that the Dixie Company (as well as rival paper cup companies) positioned itself to ride and strengthen as sales began to take off.

Early Advertisements[sunting]

Initial branding was centralized around the health benefits of the single use cup. Marketing techniques took advantage of the trends against public drinking cups both through distribution of leaflets warning of health concerns as well as through slogans such as “don’t be last” to encourage people to view individual use drinking cups as “the future.”

Marketing toward companies that might use Dixie Cup vending machines was also developed, and the patents of the product were emphasized. “The product is not an expense” and people will gladly pay a penny for an individual use drinking cup.^[1] The product began to capture the attention of the public and marketing became the company’s main objective.

The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age — the age of dixie cups,”^[11] was used for several years with success.

A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized.

Pembuatan[sunting]

Kertas dasar untuk cangkir kertas disebut “lemari”, and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. Ini memiliki lapisan penghalang untuk kedap air. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. Grade cup board memiliki desain khusus untuk proses pembuatan cup. Proses pembentukan gulungan mulut memerlukan sifat pemanjangan papan dan lapisan plastik yang baik. Gulungan mulut yang terbentuk dengan baik memberikan kekakuan dan sifat penanganan pada cangkir. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m².^[13]

Untuk memenuhi persyaratan kebersihan, gelas kertas umumnya dibuat dari bahan perawan (tidak didaur ulang) bahan.^{[citation needed]} Satu-satunya pengecualian adalah jika cangkir kertas dilengkapi lapisan insulasi tambahan untuk menahan panas, yang tidak pernah bersentuhan dengan minuman, seperti lapisan bergelombang yang melilit cangkir berdinding tunggal.

Tahan air[sunting]

Semula, gelas kertas untuk minuman panas direkatkan dan dibuat kedap air dengan menjatuhkan sedikit tanah liat ke dasar cangkir, dan kemudian berputar dengan kecepatan tinggi sehingga tanah liat akan naik ke dinding cangkir, membuat kertas tersebut kedap air.^{[citation needed]} Namun, hal ini mengakibatkan minuman berbau dan berasa seperti karton.

Cangkir untuk minuman dingin tidak dapat diperlakukan dengan cara yang sama, sebagai bentuk kondensasi di luar, lalu meresap ke dalam papan, membuat cangkir tidak stabil. Untuk mengatasi hal ini, produsen cangkir mengembangkan teknik penyemprotan bagian dalam dan luar cangkir dengan lilin. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polietilen (PE)-cangkir berlapis; proses ini menutupi permukaan papan dengan lapisan PE yang sangat tipis, membuat papan kedap air dan mengelas jahitannya menjadi satu.

Di dalam 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (layanan makanan) papan yang tidak menggunakan lilin atau plastik untuk kedap air, sehingga dapat didaur ulang sebagai bagian dari aliran limbah kertas dan papan biasa, terurai secara hayati, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

in 2017, the Newport Beach CA company Smart Planet Technologies, diluncurkan “pemulihan” untuk pasar Inggris, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating, yang dirancang untuk didaur ulang melalui sistem daur ulang kertas tradisional.^[15]

 

Mencetak pada cangkir kertas[sunting]

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Awalnya paper cup dicetak menggunakan balok karet yang dipasang pada silinder, dengan silinder yang berbeda untuk setiap warna. Pendaftaran berbagai warna sangat sulit, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, memungkinkan desain yang lebih kompleks. Pencetakan flexographic telah menjadi pilihan ideal untuk jangka panjang dan produsen umumnya menggunakan metode ini ketika memproduksi lebih dari satu juta cangkir. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, yang telah disesuaikan untuk mengambil gulungan ekstra besar yang dibutuhkan oleh produsen cangkir kertas. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, tinta berbahan dasar air malah digunakan. Salah satu efek samping dari tinta berbahan dasar pelarut adalah cangkir minuman panas khususnya dapat berbau pelarut, sedangkan tinta berbahan dasar air telah menghilangkan masalah ini. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 ke 100,000 cangkir. Tinta cetak offset juga telah dikembangkan meskipun di masa lalu berbasis pelarut, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, yang memungkinkan pencetakan dalam jumlah yang sangat kecil, biasanya dari 1,000 cangkir, and is used by companies including Brendos ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, tapi ini sangat mahal dan biasanya hanya digunakan untuk barang-barang yang memerlukan pencetakan berkualitas sangat tinggi seperti wadah es krim.

Environmental impact[sunting]

Recycling[sunting]

Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polietilen), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.

A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).

James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.^[16] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.

A Newport Beach, CA perusahaan, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students.^[17]

Di dalam 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (layanan makanan) papan yang tidak menggunakan lilin atau plastik untuk kedap air, sehingga dapat didaur ulang sebagai bagian dari aliran limbah kertas dan papan biasa, terurai secara hayati, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).^[18][19]

Kertas vs plastik[sunting]

A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner.^[20]

Polietilen (PE) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats.

Asam polilaktat (PLA) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable, yang berarti ketika terurai, itu tidak meninggalkan residu beracun.^[21] Meskipun cangkir berlapis PLA adalah satu-satunya cangkir kertas yang dapat dibuat kompos sepenuhnya, mereka dapat mencemari aliran limbah, dilaporkan membuat plastik daur ulang lainnya tidak dapat dijual.^[22]

All paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining.^[23]

A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants.^[24]

Emissions[sunting]

A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO₂ emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, bahan, production and shipping.^[25]

Habitat-loss trees used[sunting]

The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).^{[dubious – discuss][26][unreliable source?]} Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 m³) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.^{[16][unreliable source?][27][unreliable source?]}

Tutup[sunting]

Gelas kertas mungkin memiliki berbagai jenis tutup. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, Misalnya, umumnya memiliki dua jenis tutup: heat-seal foil lids used for small “porsi tunggal” kontainer, dan 150–200 ml (5–7 ons cairan AS) plastik tekan, tutup yang dapat ditutup kembali digunakan untuk ukuran besar “ukuran keluarga” kontainer, 250–1.000 ml (8–30 ons cairan AS), dimana tidak semua yogurt dapat dikonsumsi pada satu waktu sehingga diperlukan kemampuan untuk menutup kembali wadahnya.^[28]

Minuman panas yang dijual dalam cangkir kertas mungkin dilengkapi dengan tutup plastik, untuk menjaga minuman tetap panas dan mencegah tumpah. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. Tutup plastik dapat memiliki banyak fitur termasuk tab yang bisa dikupas, dinding yang ditinggikan untuk melindungi busa minuman panas gourmet dan teks timbul.^[29] Di dalam 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic “tongkat percikan” untuk menutup lubang tersebut, di beberapa toko mereka, setelah pelanggan mengeluh tentang kopi panas yang terciprat ke dalamnya.^[30][31]