Kağıt bardaklar nelerden yapılmıştır??
A kağıt bardak is a tek kullanımlık bardak made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastic veya wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper[4] and is widely used around the world.
Tarih[düzenlemek]
Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.[6] Farklı boyut ve renklerde inşa edildiler, ve dekoratif tasarımlarla süslendi. Yu ailesinin eşyalarının açıklamasında kağıt bardakların yazılı kanıtı görülüyor, from the city of Hangzhou.[6]
Modern kağıt bardak 20. yüzyılda geliştirildi. 20. yüzyılın başlarında, okul muslukları veya trenlerdeki su varilleri gibi su kaynaklarında ortak bardak veya kepçe bulundurmak yaygındı. Bu ortak kullanım halk sağlığı endişelerine neden oldu. Bunların kullanımına ilişkin dikkate değer bir araştırma Alvin Davison'un çalışmasıydı., biology professor at Lafayette College, sansasyonel başlığıyla yayınlandı “Okul İçki Bardaklarında Ölüm” in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. Makale Kasım ayında Massachusetts Eyalet Sağlık Kurulu tarafından yeniden basıldı ve dağıtıldı. 1909.[7]
Bu kaygılardan yola çıkarak, ve kağıt ürünleri olarak (özellikle bundan sonra 1908 Dixie Kupası'nın icadı) ucuz ve temiz bir şekilde temin edilebilir hale geldi, Ortak kullanımlı bardağa yerel yasaklar getirildi. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, onları kullanmaya başladı 1909. İle 1917, demiryolu vagonlarındaki umumi camlar kaybolmuştu, Halka açık gözlüklerin henüz yasaklanmadığı bölgelerde bile yerini kağıt bardaklar aldı.[8]
Kağıt bardaklar sağlık nedenleriyle hastanelerde de kullanılıyor. İçinde 1942 Massachusetts State College, bir çalışmada yıkanabilir gözlük kullanmanın maliyetinin, dezenfekte edildikten sonra tekrar kullanıldı, öyleydi 1.6 tek servislik kağıt bardak kullanmanın maliyetinin katı.[9] Bu çalışmalar, çapraz enfeksiyon riskinin azalmasının yanı sıra, Hastanelerde kağıt bardak kullanımını teşvik etti.
Germ Theory and Paper Cups[düzenlemek]
Initial interest in and movement toward the banning of public drinking cups can be traced back to the Plague of 1564 when individual communion cups were banned in European churches out of suspicion that the common cup let to the spread of illness.[2] Fakat, scientific query into the safety of communal drinking cups was first recorded in 1901 when A. Metzger and N. C. Müller surveyed 112 physicians throughout the United States who shared health concerns related to the common drinking cup, finding that suspicions of danger were justified based on input from many of these physicians. Scientists O. Ruepke and H. Huss of New York later conducted a study of guinea pigs wherein they proved tuberculosis could be transmitted from “one mouth to another by means of a drinking glass.”[2]
Okul İçki Bardaklarında Ölüm[düzenlemek]
Another significant discovery came in 1907, when a study done by Lafayette College professor Alvin Davison concluded that the common drinking cups which were used at most water fountains were a repository for disease-causing germs and bacteria. By analyzing over 2000 students in the Easton Public School system he saw that “the germs of diphtheria and grippe frequently remain from one to three months in the mouths of the patients after they have recovered.”[3] Davison took deposits that were present on public drinking vessels in the schools and fed them to guinea pigs. He examined fragments of these cups and estimated that they contained over 20,000 human cells and that each cell had as close to 150 germs clinging to it. After giving a sample of the cells and bacteria on the drinking cups to two guinea pigs, one died within two days and the second died a few weeks later. Davison found traces of pneumonia and tuberculosis germs in both corpses. Davison concluded that the common drinking cup was a harbor for dangerous germs that caused diseases and recommended that they should no longer be used in public spaces.
Public Response[düzenlemek]
Following this mounting definitive evidence, states began to pass bans on public drinking cups. As of February 1911, 7 states had abolished the common drinking cup and many more would follow. Moreover, “more than 40 railroads throughout the country [had] substituted the individual paper cups for the old time rusty cup familiar to everyone.”[4] Beyond bans in public places, institutions including public schools and railroad companies began to react to the pressure to curb the usage of public cups. Again as of 1911, “The public schools throughout our country are rapidly awakening to the problem. In a very large percent of our cities some form of bubbling fountain or the individual drinking cup is now used.”[4]
The publication of this information in 1911 in a major journal speaks to the wave of criticism permeating the mainstream that started the movement against public drinking cups. It was precisely this wave that the Dixie Company (as well as rival paper cup companies) positioned itself to ride and strengthen as sales began to take off.
Early Advertisements[düzenlemek]
Initial branding was centralized around the health benefits of the single use cup. Marketing techniques took advantage of the trends against public drinking cups both through distribution of leaflets warning of health concerns as well as through slogans such as “don’t be last” to encourage people to view individual use drinking cups as “the future.”
Marketing toward companies that might use Dixie Cup vending machines was also developed, and the patents of the product were emphasized. “The product is not an expense” and people will gladly pay a penny for an individual use drinking cup.[1] The product began to capture the attention of the public and marketing became the company’s main objective.
Early advertisement for Dixie Cups when they were still known as Health Kups[7]
“This is the Sanitary Age” advertisement for Dixie Cups[7]
The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age — the age of dixie cups,”[11] was used for several years with success.
A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized.
imalat[düzenlemek]
The world’s largest “kağıt” cup in front of what was once the Lily-Tulip manufacturing company, later Sweetheart Cup Company.[12] Made of poured concrete, the cup stands about 68.1 feet (20.8 m) tall.
Kağıt bardakların temel kağıdına denir “büfe”, and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. Su yalıtımı için bariyer kaplamaya sahiptir. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. Bardak tahtası kalitesi, bardak üretim süreçleri için özel bir tasarıma sahiptir.. Ağız rulosu oluşturma işlemi, levhanın ve plastik kaplamanın iyi uzama özelliklerine sahip olmasını gerektirir. İyi şekillendirilmiş bir ağız silindiri, fincanda sertlik ve kullanım özellikleri sağlar. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m2.[13]
Hijyen gereksinimlerini karşılamak için, Kağıt bardaklar genellikle bakireden üretilir (geri dönüştürülmemiş) malzemeler.[citation needed] Bunun tek istisnası, kağıt bardağın ısıyı tutmak için ekstra bir yalıtım katmanına sahip olmasıdır., içecekle asla temas etmeyen, tek duvarlı bir bardağın etrafına sarılmış oluklu bir tabaka gibi.
Su Yalıtımı[düzenlemek]
Başlangıçta, Sıcak içecekler için kağıt bardaklar birbirine yapıştırıldı ve bardağın dibine az miktarda kil damlatılarak su geçirmez hale getirildi., ve sonra yüksek hızda dönüyoruz ki kil bardağın duvarlarından yukarı çıksın., kağıdı suya dayanıklı hale getirmek.[citation needed] Fakat, bu, içeceklerin karton kokusu ve tadıyla sonuçlandı.
Soğuk içecek bardaklarına aynı şekilde davranılamaz, dışarıda yoğuşma oluştuğundan, sonra tahtaya ıslanır, bardağı dengesiz hale getirmek. Bunu gidermek için, Bardak üreticileri, bardağın hem içine hem de dışına balmumu püskürtme tekniğini geliştirdiler. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polietilen (PE)-kaplamalı bardak; bu işlem levhanın yüzeyini çok ince bir PE tabakasıyla kaplar, tahtanın su geçirmez hale getirilmesi ve dikişlerin birbirine kaynaklanması.
İçinde 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (yemek servisi) Su yalıtımı için balmumu veya plastik kullanmayan levha, ve böylece normal kağıt ve karton atık akışının bir parçası olarak geri dönüştürülebilir, biyolojik olarak parçalanmış, or even composted in small quantities.[14]
in 2017, the Newport Beach CA company Smart Planet Technologies, başlatıldı “RECUP” İngiltere pazarı için, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating, geleneksel kağıt geri dönüşüm sistemleriyle geri dönüştürülmek üzere tasarlanmış.[15]
Kağıt bardaklara baskı[düzenlemek]
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Başlangıçta kağıt bardaklar silindirlere monte edilmiş kauçuk bloklar kullanılarak basılıyordu, her renk için farklı bir silindir ile. Farklı renkler arasında kayıt yapmak çok zordu, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, daha karmaşık tasarımlara olanak tanır. Fleksografik baskı uzun tirajlar için ideal hale geldi ve üreticiler genellikle bir milyonun üzerinde bardak üretirken bu yöntemi kullanıyor. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, kağıt bardak üreticilerinin ihtiyaç duyduğu ekstra büyük makaraları alacak şekilde uyarlanmıştır. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, bunun yerine su bazlı mürekkepler kullanılıyor. Solvent bazlı mürekkeplerin yan etkilerinden biri de özellikle sıcak içecek bardaklarının solvent kokusu duymasıdır., su bazlı mürekkepler bu sorunu ortadan kaldırdı. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 ile 100,000 bardak. Ofset baskı mürekkepleri de geliştirildi ve bunlar geçmişte solvent bazlı olmasına rağmen, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, çok küçük miktarlarda baskı yapılmasına olanak sağlar, tipik olarak 1,000 bardak, and is used by companies including Brendos ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, ancak bu son derece pahalıdır ve normalde yalnızca dondurma kapları gibi son derece yüksek kalitede baskı gerektiren öğeler için kullanılır..
Environmental impact[düzenlemek]
Recycling[düzenlemek]
Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polietilen), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.
A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).
James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.[16] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.
A Newport Beach, CA şirket, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students.[17]
İçinde 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (yemek servisi) Su yalıtımı için balmumu veya plastik kullanmayan levha, ve böylece normal kağıt ve karton atık akışının bir parçası olarak geri dönüştürülebilir, biyolojik olarak parçalanmış, or even composted in small quantities.[14]
The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).[18][19]
Kağıt ve plastik[düzenlemek]
A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner.[20]
Polietilen (PE) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats.
Polilaktik asit (PLA) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable, yani biyolojik olarak bozunduğunda, arkasında herhangi bir toksik kalıntı bırakmaz.[21] Her ne kadar PLA kaplı bardaklar tamamen kompostlaştırılabilen tek kağıt bardak olsa da, atık akışını kirletebilirler, diğer geri dönüştürülmüş plastiklerin satılamaz hale geldiği bildirildi.[22]
All paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining.[23]
A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants.[24]
Emissions[düzenlemek]
A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO2 emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, malzemeler, production and shipping.[25]
Habitat-loss trees used[düzenlemek]
The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).[dubious ][26][unreliable source?] Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 m3) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.[16][unreliable source?][27][unreliable source?]
Kapaklar[düzenlemek]
Kağıt bardakların çeşitli kapakları olabilir. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, Örneğin, genellikle iki tip kapak bulunur: heat-seal foil lids used for small “tek porsiyon” konteynerler, ve 150–200 ml (5–7 ABD fl oz) plastik basma, büyük için kullanılan yeniden kapatılabilir kapaklar “aile büyüklüğü” konteynerler, 250–1.000 mi (8–30 ABD fl oz), Yoğurdun tamamının aynı anda tüketilemeyeceği ve dolayısıyla kabın yeniden kapatılabilmesinin gerekli olduğu durumlar.[28]
Kağıt bardaklarda satılan sıcak içecekler plastik kapaklı olabilir, içeceği sıcak tutmak ve dökülmeyi önlemek için. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. Plastik kapaklar, geri çekilebilir sekmeler de dahil olmak üzere birçok özelliğe sahip olabilir, Gurme sıcak içeceklerin ve kabartmalı metinlerin köpüğünü korumak için yükseltilmiş duvarlar.[29] İçinde 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic “sıçrama çubukları” deliği kapatmak için, bazı mağazalarında, Sıcak kahvenin içinden sıçramasıyla ilgili müşteri şikayetleri sonrasında.[30][31]
Feenot kağıt bardak makinesi