Máquina de vasos de papel Feenot
Taza de papel
Plain paper cup
Insulated paper cup for hot drinks, cut away to show air layer
A taza de papel is a vaso desechable made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastic o wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper[4] and is widely used around the world.
Historia[editar]
Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.[6] Fueron construidos en diferentes tamaños y colores., y estaban adornados con diseños decorativos. La evidencia textual de vasos de papel aparece en una descripción de las posesiones de la familia Yu., from the city of Hangzhou.[6]
El vaso de papel moderno se desarrolló en el siglo XX.. A principios del siglo XX, Era común compartir vasos o cazos en fuentes de agua como grifos de escuelas o barriles de agua en los trenes.. Este uso compartido causó preocupaciones de salud pública.. Una investigación notable sobre su uso fue el estudio de Alvin Davison., biology professor at Lafayette College, publicado con el sensacional título «Muerte en vasos escolares» in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. El artículo fue reimpreso y distribuido por la Junta de Salud del Estado de Massachusetts en noviembre. 1909.[7]
A partir de estas preocupaciones, y como artículos de papel (especialmente después del 1908 invención de la copa dixie) se volvió asequible y limpio, Se aprobaron prohibiciones locales sobre la taza de uso compartido.. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, que comenzó a utilizarlos en 1909. Por 1917, El vidrio público había desaparecido de los vagones de ferrocarril., reemplazados por vasos de papel incluso en jurisdicciones donde aún no se habían prohibido los vasos públicos.[8]
Los vasos de papel también se utilizan en los hospitales por motivos de salud. En 1942 El Massachusetts State College descubrió en un estudio que el coste del uso de gafas lavables, reutilizado después de ser desinfectado, era 1.6 veces el costo de usar vasos de papel de un solo uso.[9] Estos estudios, así como la reducción del riesgo de infección cruzada, Fomentó el uso de vasos de papel en los hospitales..
Dixie cups[editar]
Dixie Cup is the brand name for a line of disposable paper cups that were first developed in the United States in 1907 by Lawrence Luellen, a lawyer in Boston, Massachusetts, who was concerned about germs being spread by people sharing glasses or dippers at public supplies of drinking water. Luellen developed an ice-cooled water-vending machine with disposable cups,[7] and with another Bostonian, Hugh Moore, embarked on an advertising campaign to educate the public and to market his machine, principally to railroad companies. Professor Davison’s study was instrumental in abolishing the public glass and opening the door for the paper cup. Soon, the devices, which would dispense cool water for one cent, became standard equipment on trains.
.jpg)
Dixie Cup Company, Easton, Pennsylvania
The Dixie Cup was first called «salud kup», but from 1919 it was named after a line of dolls made by Alfred Schindler’s Dixie Doll Company in New York. Success led the company, which had existed under a variety of names, to call itself the Dixie Cup Corporation and move to a factory in Wilson, Pennsylvania. Atop the factory was a large water tank in the shape of a cup.[10]
En 1957, Dixie merged with the American Can Company. The James River Corporation purchased American Can’s paper business in 1982. The assets of James River are now part of Georgia-Pacific, a subsidiary of Koch Industries, the second largest privately owned company in the United States. En 1983, production moved to a modern factory in Forks, Pennsylvania. The original factory in Wilson has sat vacant ever since. The closing of the factory also prompted Conrail to abandon the Easton & Northern railroad branch, of which Dixie Cups was the last major customer.
En 1969, the Dixie Cup logo was created by Saul Bass, a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences.
The coupon collector’s problem is sometimes called the Dixie cup problem.
Fabricar[editar]
The world’s largest «papel» cup in front of what was once the Lily-Tulip manufacturing company, later Sweetheart Cup Company.[11] Made of poured concrete, the cup stands about 68.1 feet (20.8 metro) tall.
The base paper for paper cups are called «armario» and are made on special multi-ply paper machines and have a barrier coating for waterproofing. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. The cup board grades have a special design for the cup manufacturing processes. El proceso de perfilado de boca requiere buenas propiedades de alargamiento del tablero y del revestimiento plástico.. A well formed mouth roll provides good stiffness and handling properties in the cup. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m2.[12]
Para cumplir con los requisitos de higiene., Los vasos de papel generalmente se fabrican a partir de madera virgen. (no reciclado) materiales.[citation needed] The one exception to this rule is when the paper cup features an extra insulating layer for heat retention, que nunca entra en contacto con la bebida, such as a corrugated layer wrapped round a single-wall cup.
Impermeabilización[editar]
Originalmente, Se pegaron vasos de papel para bebidas calientes y se hicieron impermeables dejando caer una pequeña cantidad de arcilla en el fondo del vaso., y luego girar a alta velocidad para que la arcilla suba por las paredes de la taza, hacer que el papel sea resistente al agua. Sin embargo, Esto provocó que las bebidas olieran y supieran a cartón..
Los vasos para bebidas frías no podrían tratarse de la misma manera, ya que se forma condensación en el exterior, luego se empapa en el tablero, haciendo que la copa sea inestable. para remediar esto, Los fabricantes de vasos desarrollaron la técnica de rociar con cera tanto el interior como el exterior del vaso.. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polietileno (Orina)-tazas recubiertas; este proceso cubre la superficie del tablero con una capa muy fina de PE, impermeabilizar el tablero y soldar las uniones.
Impresión en vasos de papel[editar]
Originalmente los vasos de papel se imprimían utilizando bloques de goma montados sobre cilindros., con un cilindro diferente para cada color. El registro en diferentes colores fue muy difícil., but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, permitiendo diseños más complejos. La impresión flexográfica se ha vuelto ideal para tiradas largas y los fabricantes generalmente utilizan este método cuando producen más de un millón de tazas.. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, que han sido adaptados para soportar los carretes extra grandes que requieren los fabricantes de vasos de papel.. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, En su lugar, se utilizan tintas a base de agua.. Uno de los efectos secundarios de las tintas a base de solventes es que, en particular, los vasos para bebidas calientes pueden oler a solvente., Considerando que las tintas a base de agua han eliminado este problema. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 a 100,000 tazas. También se han desarrollado tintas de impresión offset y, aunque antiguamente eran de base solvente, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, que permite imprimir en cantidades muy pequeñas, típicamente de 1,000 tazas, and is used by companies including The Paper Cup Company offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, pero esto es extremadamente costoso y normalmente solo se utiliza para artículos que requieren una impresión de muy alta calidad, como envases de helado..
Environmental impact[editar]
Recycling[editar]
Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polietileno), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill, o, at best, incinerated.
A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).
James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.[13] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.
A Newport Beach, CA company, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students. [14]
The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).[15][16]
Papel vs plástico[editar]
A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner.[17]
Polietileno (Orina) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats.
ácido poliláctico (Estampado) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable, lo que significa que cuando se biodegrada, no deja residuos tóxicos.[18] PLA-lined cups are thus the only paper cups which can be composted fully. All paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining.[19]
A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants.[20]
Emissions[editar]
A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO2 emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, materiales, production and shipping.[21]
Habitat-loss trees used[editar]
The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).[dubious ][22][unreliable source?] Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 metro3) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.[13][unreliable source?][23][unreliable source?]
Tapas[editar]
A paper coffee cup with a plastic lid and «splash stick»
Los vasos de papel pueden tener varios tipos de tapas.. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, Por ejemplo, Generalmente tienen dos tipos de tapas.: a plastic press-on, resealable, lid used for large «tamaño de la familia» contenedores, 250–1.000ml (8–30 onzas líquidas estadounidenses), where not all of the yogurt may be consumed at any one time and thus the ability to re-close the container is required and heat-seal foil lids used for small «porción individual» contenedores, 150–200 ml (5–7 onzas líquidas estadounidenses).[24]
Las bebidas calientes que se venden en vasos de papel pueden venir con tapa de plástico., para mantener la bebida caliente y evitar derrames. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. Las tapas de plástico pueden tener muchas características, incluidas pestañas extraíbles., paredes elevadas para proteger la espuma de las bebidas calientes gourmet y texto en relieve.[25] En 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic «palos de salpicaduras» para bloquear el agujero, en algunas de sus tiendas, después de las quejas de los clientes sobre el café caliente salpicándolo.[26][27]
