¿De qué están hechas las tazas de papel??

¿De qué están hechas las tazas de papel??

 

A taza de papel is a vaso desechable made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastic o wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.^[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper^[4] and is widely used around the world.

 

Historia[editar]

Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.^[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.^[6] Fueron construidos en diferentes tamaños y colores., y estaban adornados con diseños decorativos. La evidencia textual de vasos de papel aparece en una descripción de las posesiones de la familia Yu., from the city of Hangzhou.^[6]

El vaso de papel moderno se desarrolló en el siglo XX.. A principios del siglo XX, Era común compartir vasos o cazos en fuentes de agua como grifos de escuelas o barriles de agua en los trenes.. Este uso compartido causó preocupaciones de salud pública.. Una investigación notable sobre su uso fue el estudio de Alvin Davison., biology professor at Lafayette College, publicado con el sensacional título «Muerte en vasos escolares» in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. El artículo fue reimpreso y distribuido por la Junta de Salud del Estado de Massachusetts en noviembre. 1909.^[7]

A partir de estas preocupaciones, y como artículos de papel (especialmente después del 1908 invención de la copa dixie) se volvió asequible y limpio, Se aprobaron prohibiciones locales sobre la taza de uso compartido.. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, que comenzó a utilizarlos en 1909. Por 1917, El vidrio público había desaparecido de los vagones de ferrocarril., reemplazados por vasos de papel incluso en jurisdicciones donde aún no se habían prohibido los vasos públicos.^[8]

Los vasos de papel también se utilizan en los hospitales por motivos de salud. En 1942 El Massachusetts State College descubrió en un estudio que el coste del uso de gafas lavables, reutilizado después de ser desinfectado, era 1.6 veces el costo de usar vasos de papel de un solo uso.^[9] Estos estudios, así como la reducción del riesgo de infección cruzada, Fomentó el uso de vasos de papel en los hospitales..

Germ Theory and Paper Cups[editar]

Initial interest in and movement toward the banning of public drinking cups can be traced back to the Plague of 1564 when individual communion cups were banned in European churches out of suspicion that the common cup let to the spread of illness.^[2] Sin embargo, scientific query into the safety of communal drinking cups was first recorded in 1901 when A. Metzger and N. do. Müller surveyed 112 physicians throughout the United States who shared health concerns related to the common drinking cup, finding that suspicions of danger were justified based on input from many of these physicians. Scientists O. Ruepke and H. Huss of New York later conducted a study of guinea pigs wherein they proved tuberculosis could be transmitted from “one mouth to another by means of a drinking glass.”^[2]

Muerte en vasos escolares[editar]

Another significant discovery came in 1907, when a study done by Lafayette College professor Alvin Davison concluded that the common drinking cups which were used at most water fountains were a repository for disease-causing germs and bacteria. By analyzing over 2000 students in the Easton Public School system he saw that “the germs of diphtheria and grippe frequently remain from one to three months in the mouths of the patients after they have recovered.”^[3] Davison took deposits that were present on public drinking vessels in the schools and fed them to guinea pigs. He examined fragments of these cups and estimated that they contained over 20,000 human cells and that each cell had as close to 150 germs clinging to it. After giving a sample of the cells and bacteria on the drinking cups to two guinea pigs, one died within two days and the second died a few weeks later. Davison found traces of pneumonia and tuberculosis germs in both corpses. Davison concluded that the common drinking cup was a harbor for dangerous germs that caused diseases and recommended that they should no longer be used in public spaces.

Public Response[editar]

Following this mounting definitive evidence, states began to pass bans on public drinking cups. As of February 1911, 7 states had abolished the common drinking cup and many more would follow. Moreover, “more than 40 railroads throughout the country [had] substituted the individual paper cups for the old time rusty cup familiar to everyone.”^[4] Beyond bans in public places, institutions including public schools and railroad companies began to react to the pressure to curb the usage of public cups. Again as of 1911, “The public schools throughout our country are rapidly awakening to the problem. In a very large percent of our cities some form of bubbling fountain or the individual drinking cup is now used.”^[4]

The publication of this information in 1911 in a major journal speaks to the wave of criticism permeating the mainstream that started the movement against public drinking cups. It was precisely this wave that the Dixie Company (as well as rival paper cup companies) positioned itself to ride and strengthen as sales began to take off.

Early Advertisements[editar]

Initial branding was centralized around the health benefits of the single use cup. Marketing techniques took advantage of the trends against public drinking cups both through distribution of leaflets warning of health concerns as well as through slogans such as “don’t be last” to encourage people to view individual use drinking cups as “the future.”

Marketing toward companies that might use Dixie Cup vending machines was also developed, and the patents of the product were emphasized. “The product is not an expense” and people will gladly pay a penny for an individual use drinking cup.^[1] The product began to capture the attention of the public and marketing became the company’s main objective.

The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age — the age of dixie cups,"^[11] was used for several years with success.

A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized.

Fabricar[editar]

El papel base para vasos de papel se llama «armario», and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. Tiene un revestimiento barrera para impermeabilización.. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. La calidad de tablero para tazas tiene un diseño especial para los procesos de fabricación de tazas.. El proceso de perfilado de boca requiere buenas propiedades de alargamiento del tablero y del revestimiento plástico.. Un rollo bucal bien formado proporciona rigidez y propiedades de manejo en la copa.. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m².^[13]

Para cumplir con los requisitos de higiene., Los vasos de papel generalmente se fabrican a partir de madera virgen. (no reciclado) materiales.^{[citation needed]} La única excepción a esto es cuando el vaso de papel tiene una capa aislante adicional para retener el calor., que nunca entra en contacto con la bebida, como una capa corrugada envuelta alrededor de una taza de pared simple.

Impermeabilización[editar]

Originalmente, Se pegaron vasos de papel para bebidas calientes y se hicieron impermeables dejando caer una pequeña cantidad de arcilla en el fondo del vaso., y luego girar a alta velocidad para que la arcilla suba por las paredes de la taza, hacer que el papel sea resistente al agua.^{[citation needed]} Sin embargo, Esto provocó que las bebidas olieran y supieran a cartón..

Los vasos para bebidas frías no podrían tratarse de la misma manera, ya que se forma condensación en el exterior, luego se empapa en el tablero, haciendo que la copa sea inestable. para remediar esto, Los fabricantes de vasos desarrollaron la técnica de rociar con cera tanto el interior como el exterior del vaso.. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polietileno (Orina)-tazas recubiertas; este proceso cubre la superficie del tablero con una capa muy fina de PE, impermeabilizar el tablero y soldar las uniones.

En 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (servicio de comida) tablero que no utiliza cera ni plástico para impermeabilizar, y, por tanto, puede reciclarse como parte del flujo normal de residuos de papel y cartón., biodegradado, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

in 2017, the Newport Beach CA company Smart Planet Technologies, lanzado «reCUP» para el mercado del Reino Unido, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating, que está diseñado para ser reciclado a través de sistemas tradicionales de reciclaje de papel..^[15]

 

Impresión en vasos de papel[editar]

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Originalmente los vasos de papel se imprimían utilizando bloques de goma montados sobre cilindros., con un cilindro diferente para cada color. El registro en diferentes colores fue muy difícil., but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, permitiendo diseños más complejos. La impresión flexográfica se ha vuelto ideal para tiradas largas y los fabricantes generalmente utilizan este método cuando producen más de un millón de tazas.. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, que han sido adaptados para soportar los carretes extra grandes que requieren los fabricantes de vasos de papel.. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, En su lugar, se utilizan tintas a base de agua.. Uno de los efectos secundarios de las tintas a base de solventes es que, en particular, los vasos para bebidas calientes pueden oler a solvente., Considerando que las tintas a base de agua han eliminado este problema. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 a 100,000 tazas. También se han desarrollado tintas de impresión offset y, aunque antiguamente eran de base solvente, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, que permite imprimir en cantidades muy pequeñas, típicamente de 1,000 tazas, and is used by companies including Brendos ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, pero esto es extremadamente costoso y normalmente solo se utiliza para artículos que requieren una impresión de muy alta calidad, como envases de helado..

Environmental impact[editar]

Recycling[editar]

Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polietileno), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.

A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).

James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.^[16] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.

A Newport Beach, CA compañía, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students.^[17]

En 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (servicio de comida) tablero que no utiliza cera ni plástico para impermeabilizar, y, por tanto, puede reciclarse como parte del flujo normal de residuos de papel y cartón., biodegradado, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).^[18][19]

Papel vs plástico[editar]

A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner.^[20]

Polietileno (Orina) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats.

ácido poliláctico (Estampado) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable, lo que significa que cuando se biodegrada, no deja residuos tóxicos.^[21] Aunque los vasos revestidos de PLA son los únicos vasos de papel que se pueden convertir en abono completo, pueden contaminar el flujo de residuos, Según se informa, otros plásticos reciclados no se pueden vender..^[22]

All paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining.^[23]

A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants.^[24]

Emissions[editar]

A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO₂ emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, materiales, production and shipping.^[25]

Habitat-loss trees used[editar]

The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).^{[dubious – discuss][26][unreliable source?]} Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 metro³) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.^{[16][unreliable source?][27][unreliable source?]}

Tapas[editar]

Los vasos de papel pueden tener varios tipos de tapas.. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, Por ejemplo, Generalmente tienen dos tipos de tapas.: heat-seal foil lids used for small «porción individual» contenedores, y 150-200 ml (5–7 onzas líquidas estadounidenses) presión de plástico, tapas resellables utilizadas para grandes «tamaño de la familia» contenedores, 250–1.000ml (8–30 onzas líquidas estadounidenses), donde no se puede consumir todo el yogur al mismo tiempo y, por lo tanto, se requiere la capacidad de volver a cerrar el recipiente.^[28]

Las bebidas calientes que se venden en vasos de papel pueden venir con tapa de plástico., para mantener la bebida caliente y evitar derrames. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. Las tapas de plástico pueden tener muchas características, incluidas pestañas extraíbles., paredes elevadas para proteger la espuma de las bebidas calientes gourmet y texto en relieve.^[29] En 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic «palos de salpicaduras» para bloquear el agujero, en algunas de sus tiendas, después de las quejas de los clientes sobre el café caliente salpicándolo.^[30][31]