Servo Charta Cup Machina
Quid charta scyphi e?
A charta poculum est a * PROMPTU poculum made out of paper and often lined or coated with plastic or * wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper[4] and is widely used around the world.
Historia[edit]
Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.[6] Construebantur in magnitudine et colore, et ornati sunt ornatis designationibus. Testimonia chartarum poculorum apparet in descriptione possessionum familiae Yu, from the city of Hangzhou.[6]
Poculum chartaceum modernum in 20th century elaboratum est. In primis 20th century, commune erat vitreis aut dippersis ad fontes aquarum communicasse, ut scholae faucets vel dolia aquae in impedimentis. Hoc commune usus causa salutis publicae curas. Una notabilis investigatio in eorum usum studium fuit ab Alvin Davison, biology professor at Lafayette College, editis cum sensational titulum “Mors in School bibens Cucurbitulae” in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. Articulus reprinted et distributus est a Massachusetts Tabulae publicae Salutis mense Novembri 1909.[7]
Ex his de, et sicut charta bona (maxime post 1908 inventio Dixie Cup) factus sum vilis et pure praesto, bans loci traditi sunt in communi usu poculi. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, quae coepit uti in 1909. By 1917, vitreum publicum evanuerat de curribus ferriviaria, poculi chartacei substituti etiam in jurisdictionibus ubi vitrei publici damnanda erant.[8]
Calices chartacei etiam in valetudinariis ad causas sanitatis adhibentur. In 1942 Massachusetts College State in uno studio sumptus est utendi specula washable, rursus usus est cum sanitized, was 1.6 temporibus sumptus usus unius muneris charta scyphi.[9] Haec studia, itemque reductionem in periculo crucis-infection, adhortatus ad usum chartarum poculorum in nosocomiis.
Germ Theory and Paper Cups[edit]
Initial interest in and movement toward the banning of public drinking cups can be traced back to the Plague of 1564 when individual communion cups were banned in European churches out of suspicion that the common cup let to the spread of illness.[2] tamen, scientific query into the safety of communal drinking cups was first recorded in 1901 when A. Metzger and N. C. Müller surveyed 112 physicians throughout the United States who shared health concerns related to the common drinking cup, finding that suspicions of danger were justified based on input from many of these physicians. Scientists O. Ruepke and H. Huss of New York later conducted a study of guinea pigs wherein they proved tuberculosis could be transmitted from “one mouth to another by means of a drinking glass.”[2]
Mors in School bibens Cucurbitulae[edit]
Another significant discovery came in 1907, when a study done by Lafayette College professor Alvin Davison concluded that the common drinking cups which were used at most water fountains were a repository for disease-causing germs and bacteria. By analyzing over 2000 students in the Easton Public School system he saw that “the germs of diphtheria and grippe frequently remain from one to three months in the mouths of the patients after they have recovered.”[3] Davison took deposits that were present on public drinking vessels in the schools and fed them to guinea pigs. He examined fragments of these cups and estimated that they contained over 20,000 human cells and that each cell had as close to 150 germs clinging to it. After giving a sample of the cells and bacteria on the drinking cups to two guinea pigs, one died within two days and the second died a few weeks later. Davison found traces of pneumonia and tuberculosis germs in both corpses. Davison concluded that the common drinking cup was a harbor for dangerous germs that caused diseases and recommended that they should no longer be used in public spaces.
Public Response[edit]
Following this mounting definitive evidence, states began to pass bans on public drinking cups. As of February 1911, 7 states had abolished the common drinking cup and many more would follow. Moreover, “more than 40 railroads throughout the country [had] substituted the individual paper cups for the old time rusty cup familiar to everyone.”[4] Beyond bans in public places, institutions including public schools and railroad companies began to react to the pressure to curb the usage of public cups. Again as of 1911, “The public schools throughout our country are rapidly awakening to the problem. In a very large percent of our cities some form of bubbling fountain or the individual drinking cup is now used.”[4]
The publication of this information in 1911 in a major journal speaks to the wave of criticism permeating the mainstream that started the movement against public drinking cups. It was precisely this wave that the Dixie Company (as well as rival paper cup companies) positioned itself to ride and strengthen as sales began to take off.
Early Advertisements[edit]
Initial branding was centralized around the health benefits of the single use cup. Marketing techniques took advantage of the trends against public drinking cups both through distribution of leaflets warning of health concerns as well as through slogans such as “don’t be last” to encourage people to view individual use drinking cups as “the future.”
Marketing toward companies that might use Dixie Cup vending machines was also developed, and the patents of the product were emphasized. “The product is not an expense” and people will gladly pay a penny for an individual use drinking cup.[1] The product began to capture the attention of the public and marketing became the company’s main objective.
Early advertisement for Dixie Cups when they were still known as Health Kups[7]
“This is the Sanitary Age” advertisement for Dixie Cups[7]
The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age — the age of dixie cups,"[11] was used for several years with success.
A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized.
Another early advertisement from Dixie
OPIFICIUM[edit]
The world’s largest “charta” cup in front of what was once the Lily-Tulip manufacturing company, later Sweetheart Cup Company.[12] Made of poured concrete, the cup stands about 68.1 feet (20.8 m) tall.
Basis charta pro poculis chartaceis appellatur “poculum tabula”, and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. Non habet obice membrana dignitatis waterproofing. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. Calix in tabula gradus specialem consilium habet ad processuum fabricandi poculi. Os volumen processum formans requirit bonas proprietates elongationis tabulae et tunicae plasticae. Os bene formatum volumen praebet rigorem et proprietates in calice tractans. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m2.[13]
Ad occursum MUNDITIA opus, charta pocula plerumque fabricata ex virgine (non-REDIVIVUS) materiae.[citation needed] Una exceptio hoc est, cum poculum chartaceum lineamenta extra insulating iacuit pro retentione caloris, quae numquam attingit cum potum, ut unius muri calix CONRUGIS accumsan circumfusa.
Waterproofing[edit]
primum, chartas poculorum calidarum potionum conglutinata sunt et facta impervia omisso parvo argilla in fundo poculi., deinde in summa celeritate ut argillae parietes poculi ascenderent, resistentia faciens chartam aquarum.[citation needed] tamen, hoc effecit potus olfaciendi gustandique cardboard.
Pocula frigidarum potuum non eodem modo tractari possunt, sicut condensatio formae in foris, tum in tabula libat, faciens calicem instabile. Ad hoc remedium, poculi artifices arte poculi cum cera tum intus tum extra spargendi elaboraverunt. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polyethylene (Pe)-iactaret scyphi; hic processus superficiem tabulae contegit cum strato tenuissimo PE, waterproofing cum tabula et glutino commissurae in unum.
In 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (cibus ministerium) tabula quae nulla cera aut plastic utitur ad waterproofing, et sic potest REDIVIVUS sicut pars charta normali et tabula vasti amnis, biodegraded, or even composted in small quantities.[14]
in 2017, the Newport Beach CA company Smart Planet Technologies, launched “recup” ad UK forum, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating, hoc est machinatum ut per chartam redivivus systemata traditional REDIVIVUS.[15]
Excudendi in charta scyphi[edit]
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Primum charta pocula typis utens Flexilis caudices insidentes cylindrici, alio cylindro colore. Registration per varios colores valde difficile, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, permittens enim magis universa designs. Typographia flexographica idealis facta est ad diuturnos decurrit et artifices hac methodo plerumque utuntur cum super decies centena millia cyathos producens. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, quae aptae sunt ad extra magnas turbationes capiendas quae per chartam poculi fabricantium requiruntur. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, aquam, secundum inks sunt pro assuetudo. Una e parte effectus solvendo substructio inks est quod calidum potus potio maxime olfacit solvendo, cum aqua-substructio inks hanc quaestionem removerunt. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 to 100,000 scyphi. Inks cinguli excudendi etiam ortae sunt et quamquam in praeterito hae solvendo fundatae sunt, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, quae in minimis quantitates excudendi concedit, typically e * 1,000 scyphi, and is used by companies including Brendos ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, sed hoc perquam sumptuosum est ac plerumque tantum adhibitum est pro elementis quae requirit altissimam qualitatem imprimendi sicut vasa glaciei cremor.
Environmental impact[edit]
Recycling[edit]
Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polyethylene), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.
A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).
James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.[16] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.
A Newport Beach, CA societas, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students.[17]
In 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (cibus ministerium) tabula quae nulla cera aut plastic utitur ad waterproofing, et sic potest REDIVIVUS sicut pars charta normali et tabula vasti amnis, biodegraded, or even composted in small quantities.[14]
The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).[18][19]
Paper vs plastic[edit]
A vita cycle inventory collatio chartarum nobis poculorum plasticorum ostendit effectus environmental utriusque cum nullo claro victor.[20]
Polyethylene (Pe) est PETROLEUM-fundatur membrana charta scyphorum quae possunt retardo processus of biodegrading in charta et tunicas habeatis.
Acidum polylacticum (Pla) est a * biodegradable bio-plastic membrana uti in aliqua charta scyphi. PLA est a renewable resource et certified compostable, quod significat cum biodegrades, toxicus residua aliqua non relinquat.[21] Quamquam scyphi PLA-lineati soli sunt caliculi chartacei qui plene componi possunt, possunt contaminare vasto flumine, parem faciens alia REDIVIVUS materia plastica unsaleable.[22]
Omnes chartae scyphi modo possunt REDIVIVUS ad specialem curationem facilitatem cuiuscumque lining.[23]
Plures civitates - comprehendo Portland, Oregon - interdictum XPS spumeus pocula sumentes et cibum popinae.[24]
Emissions[edit]
A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO2 emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, materiae, production and shipping.[25]
Habitat-loss trees used[edit]
The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).[dubious ][26][unreliable source?] Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 m3) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.[16][unreliable source?][27][unreliable source?]
Opercula[edit]
A paper coffee cup with a plastic lid and “splash stick”
Chartae calices varias in operculis habere possunt. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, exempli gratia, plerumque duo genera opercula: heat-seal foil lids used for small “unum servientes” continentia, et 150-200 ml (5-7 US fl oz) plastic torcular-on-, resealable palpebris propter magnam “familia magnitudine” continentia, 250-1,000 ml (8-30 US fl oz), ubi non omnes yogurt uno tempore consumi possunt et sic requiritur facultas re- cludendi continens..[28]
Potiones calidae in papyris venditi possunt venire cum operculo plastico, ut bibere calidum et ne profluvium. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. In plastic palpebris plures habere possunt features comprehendo cortices tabs, moenibus erectis ad defendendum spumas COMEDUS calidas potiones et toreumata.[29] In 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic “fundent haeret” ut angustos foraminis, In quibusdam eorum stores, Post mos querelas de calidum capulus spargens per eam.[30][31]
