什么是由什么纸杯制成的?

什么是由什么纸杯制成的?

 

一个 纸杯 is a 一次性杯子 made out of paper and often lined or coated with 塑料 或者 wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper.^[1][2][3] It may be made of recycled paper^[4] and is widely used around the world.

 

历史[编辑]

Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.^[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.^[6] 它们有不同的尺寸和颜色, 并饰有装饰图案. 于家财产描述中出现纸杯的文字证据, from the city of Hangzhou.^[6]

现代纸杯发展于20世纪. 20世纪初, 在学校水龙头或火车上的水桶等水源处共用玻璃杯或勺子是很常见的. 这种共同使用引起了公共健康问题. 阿尔文·戴维森 (Alvin Davison) 的一项关于其使用的著名调查是, biology professor at Lafayette College, 以耸人听闻的标题发表 “学校饮水杯中的死亡” in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. 该文章于 11 月由马萨诸塞州卫生委员会转载并分发 1909.^[7]

基于这些担忧, 以及作为纸制品 (尤其是之后 1908 迪克西杯的发明) 变得廉价且干净, 当地禁止共用杯子. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, 开始使用它们 1909. 经过 1917, 火车车厢上的公共玻璃消失了, 即使在尚未禁止公共眼镜的司法管辖区也被纸杯取代.^[8]

出于健康原因，医院也使用纸杯. 在 1942 马萨诸塞州立大学在一项研究中发现，使用可清洗眼镜的成本, 消毒后重复使用, 曾是 1.6 是使用一次性纸杯的成本的两倍.^[9] 这些研究, 以及减少交叉感染的风险, 鼓励在医院使用纸杯.

Germ Theory and Paper Cups[编辑]

Initial interest in and movement toward the banning of public drinking cups can be traced back to the Plague of 1564 when individual communion cups were banned in European churches out of suspicion that the common cup let to the spread of illness.^[2] 然而, scientific query into the safety of communal drinking cups was first recorded in 1901 when A. Metzger and N. C. Müller surveyed 112 physicians throughout the United States who shared health concerns related to the common drinking cup, finding that suspicions of danger were justified based on input from many of these physicians. Scientists O. Ruepke and H. Huss of New York later conducted a study of guinea pigs wherein they proved tuberculosis could be transmitted from “one mouth to another by means of a drinking glass.”^[2]

学校饮水杯中的死亡[编辑]

Another significant discovery came in 1907, when a study done by Lafayette College professor Alvin Davison concluded that the common drinking cups which were used at most water fountains were a repository for disease-causing germs and bacteria. By analyzing over 2000 students in the Easton Public School system he saw that “the germs of diphtheria and grippe frequently remain from one to three months in the mouths of the patients after they have recovered.”^[3] Davison took deposits that were present on public drinking vessels in the schools and fed them to guinea pigs. He examined fragments of these cups and estimated that they contained over 20,000 human cells and that each cell had as close to 150 germs clinging to it. After giving a sample of the cells and bacteria on the drinking cups to two guinea pigs, one died within two days and the second died a few weeks later. Davison found traces of pneumonia and tuberculosis germs in both corpses. Davison concluded that the common drinking cup was a harbor for dangerous germs that caused diseases and recommended that they should no longer be used in public spaces.

Public Response[编辑]

Following this mounting definitive evidence, states began to pass bans on public drinking cups. As of February 1911, 7 states had abolished the common drinking cup and many more would follow. Moreover, “more than 40 railroads throughout the country [had] substituted the individual paper cups for the old time rusty cup familiar to everyone.”^[4] Beyond bans in public places, institutions including public schools and railroad companies began to react to the pressure to curb the usage of public cups. Again as of 1911, “The public schools throughout our country are rapidly awakening to the problem. In a very large percent of our cities some form of bubbling fountain or the individual drinking cup is now used.”^[4]

The publication of this information in 1911 in a major journal speaks to the wave of criticism permeating the mainstream that started the movement against public drinking cups. It was precisely this wave that the Dixie Company (as well as rival paper cup companies) positioned itself to ride and strengthen as sales began to take off.

Early Advertisements[编辑]

Initial branding was centralized around the health benefits of the single use cup. Marketing techniques took advantage of the trends against public drinking cups both through distribution of leaflets warning of health concerns as well as through slogans such as “don’t be last” to encourage people to view individual use drinking cups as “the future.”

Marketing toward companies that might use Dixie Cup vending machines was also developed, and the patents of the product were emphasized. “The product is not an expense” and people will gladly pay a penny for an individual use drinking cup.^[1] The product began to capture the attention of the public and marketing became the company’s main objective.

The tone of many of the advertisements created by the Dixie Cup Company took the form of embracing modern ideals and marketing towards people who wanted to improve their lives and jump on board a new trend for fear of being left behind. “This is the sanitary age — the age of dixie cups,”^[11] was used for several years with success.

A subsequent pivot towards soda fountains was made in both product line and advertising, but the central idea of individual use as more sanitary than reusable glasses persisted. An emphasis on the theme of cups being “touched only by you” was seen as an act to make the cups seem individualized.

生产[编辑]

纸杯的原纸称为 “杯板”, and is made on special multi-ply paper machines. 它具有防水屏障涂层. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. 杯板级针对杯子制造工艺进行了特殊设计. 口辊成型工艺要求板材和塑料涂层具有良好的延伸性能. 成型良好的嘴卷提供了杯子的硬度和处理性能. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m².^[13]

以满足卫生要求, 纸杯通常是用原生纸制造的 (不可回收) 材料.^{[citation needed]} 唯一的例外是纸杯具有额外的隔热层以保持热量, 永远不会与饮料接触, 例如包裹在单壁杯周围的波纹层.

防水[编辑]

起初, 用于热饮的纸杯被粘在一起并通过在杯底滴入少量粘土来防水, 然后高速旋转，使粘土沿着杯壁向上移动, 使纸张防水.^{[citation needed]} 然而, 这导致饮料闻起来有纸板的味道.

冷饮杯不能以同样的方式处理, 当外部形成凝结时, 然后浸入板中, 使杯子不稳定. 为了解决这个问题, 杯子制造商开发了在杯子内外喷蜡的技术. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of 聚乙烯 (聚乙烯醇)-涂层杯; 此过程在板的表面覆盖一层非常薄的 PE, 对板进行防水并将接缝焊接在一起.

在 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (餐饮服务) 不使用蜡或塑料进行防水的板, 因此可以作为普通纸和纸板废物流的一部分进行回收, 生物降解的, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

in 2017, the Newport Beach CA company Smart Planet Technologies, 推出 “恢复CUP” 针对英国市场, a recyclable paper cup using a polyethylene and mineral-blended coating, 旨在通过传统的纸张回收系统进行回收.^[15]

 

纸杯印刷[编辑]

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最初，纸杯是使用安装在滚筒上的橡胶块印刷的, 每种颜色都有不同的圆柱体. 不同颜色的注册非常困难, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, 允许更复杂的设计. 柔性版印刷已成为长版印刷的理想选择，制造商通常在生产超过一百万个杯子时使用这种方法. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, 已适应纸杯制造商所需的超大卷轴. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, 改用水性油墨. 溶剂型墨水的副作用之一是热饮杯尤其会散发出溶剂的气味, 而水性油墨则解决了这个问题. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 到 100,000 杯子. 胶印油墨也已被开发出来，尽管过去这些油墨是溶剂型的, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, 允许打印非常小的数量, 通常来自 1,000 杯子, and is used by companies including Brendos ltd offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, 但这非常昂贵，并且通常仅用于需要极高质量打印的物品，例如冰淇淋容器.

Environmental impact[编辑]

Recycling[编辑]

Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (聚乙烯), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill or incinerated.

A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).

James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.^[16] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.

一个 Newport Beach, CA 公司, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students.^[17]

在 2017, the Finnish board manufacturer Kotkamills launched a new kind of cup (餐饮服务) 不使用蜡或塑料进行防水的板, 因此可以作为普通纸和纸板废物流的一部分进行回收, 生物降解的, or even composted in small quantities.^[14]

The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).^[18][19]

纸与塑料[编辑]

一个 life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner.^[20]

聚乙烯 (聚乙烯醇) is a petroleum-based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading of the paper it coats.

聚乳酸 (PLA) is a biodegradable bio-plastic coating used on some paper cups. PLA is a renewable resource and is certified compostable, 这意味着当它生物降解时, 它不会留下任何有毒残留物.^[21] 尽管PLA衬里的杯子是唯一可以完全堆肥的纸杯, 它们会污染废物流, 据报道导致其他再生塑料无法销售.^[22]

All paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining.^[23]

A number of cities – including Portland, Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take-out and fast food restaurants.^[24]

Emissions[编辑]

A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO₂ emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, 材料, production and shipping.^[25]

Habitat-loss trees used[编辑]

The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).^{[dubious – discuss][26][unreliable source?]} Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 米³) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.^{[16][unreliable source?][27][unreliable source?]}

盖子[编辑]

纸杯可能有各种类型的盖子. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, 例如, 一般有两种类型的盖子: heat-seal foil lids used for small “单份” 容器, 和 150–200 毫升 (5–7 美式液量盎司) 塑料压接, 可重新密封的盖子用于大型 “家庭规模” 容器, 250–1,000 毫升 (8–30 美制液量盎司), 并非所有酸奶都可以在任何时间消耗掉，因此需要能够重新关闭容器.^[28]

纸杯出售的热饮可能配有塑料盖, 保持饮料热并防止溢出. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. 塑料盖可以具有许多功能，包括剥离标签, 凸起的墙壁可保护美味热饮的泡沫和浮雕文字.^[29] 在 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic “飞溅棒” 堵住洞口, 在他们的一些商店, 在顾客抱怨热咖啡溅过之后.^[30][31]