Chartula

 

Historia[edit]

Paper cups have been documented in imperial China, where paper was invented by 2nd century BC.^[5] Paper cups were known as chih pei and were used for the serving of tea.^[6] Construebantur in magnitudine et colore, et ornati sunt ornatis designationibus. Testimonia chartarum poculorum apparet in descriptione possessionum familiae Yu, from the city of Hangzhou.^[6]

Poculum chartaceum modernum in 20th century elaboratum est. In primis 20th century, commune erat vitreis aut dippersis ad fontes aquarum communicasse, ut scholae faucets vel dolia aquae in impedimentis. Hoc commune usus causa salutis publicae curas. Una notabilis investigatio in eorum usum studium fuit ab Alvin Davison, biology professor at Lafayette College, editis cum sensational titulum “Mors in School bibens Cucurbitulae” in Technical World Magazine in August 1908, based on research carried out in Easton, Pennsylvania‘s public schools. Articulus reprinted et distributus est a Massachusetts Tabulae publicae Salutis mense Novembri 1909.^[7]

Ex his de, et sicut charta bona (maxime post 1908 inventio Dixie Cup) factus sum vilis et pure praesto, bans loci traditi sunt in communi usu poculi. One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad, quae coepit uti in 1909. By 1917, vitreum publicum evanuerat de curribus ferriviaria, poculi chartacei substituti etiam in jurisdictionibus ubi vitrei publici damnanda erant.^[8]

Calices chartacei etiam in valetudinariis ad causas sanitatis adhibentur. In 1942 Massachusetts College State in uno studio sumptus est utendi specula washable, rursus usus est cum sanitized, was 1.6 temporibus sumptus usus unius muneris charta scyphi.^[9] Haec studia, itemque reductionem in periculo crucis-infection, adhortatus ad usum chartarum poculorum in nosocomiis.

Dixie cups[edit]

Dixie Cup is the brand name for a line of disposable paper cups that were first developed in the United States in 1907 by Lawrence Luellen, a lawyer in Boston, Massachusetts, who was concerned about germs being spread by people sharing glasses or dippers at public supplies of drinking water. Luellen developed an ice-cooled water-vending machine with disposable cups,^[7] and with another Bostonian, Hugh Moore, embarked on an advertising campaign to educate the public and to market his machine, principally to railroad companies. Professor Davison’s study was instrumental in abolishing the public glass and opening the door for the paper cup. Soon, the devices, which would dispense cool water for one cent, became standard equipment on trains.

The Dixie Cup was first called “Salutem Kup”, but from 1919 it was named after a line of dolls made by Alfred Schindler’s Dixie Doll Company in New York. Success led the company, which had existed under a variety of names, to call itself the Dixie Cup Corporation and move to a factory in Wilson, Pennsylvania. Atop the factory was a large water tank in the shape of a cup.^[10]

In 1957, Dixie merged with the American Can Company. The James River Corporation purchased American Can’s paper business in 1982. The assets of James River are now part of Georgia-Pacific, a subsidiary of Koch Industries, the second largest privately owned company in the United States. In 1983, production moved to a modern factory in Forks, Pennsylvania. The original factory in Wilson has sat vacant ever since. The closing of the factory also prompted Conrail to abandon the Easton & Northern railroad branch, of which Dixie Cups was the last major customer.

In 1969, the Dixie Cup logo was created by Saul Bass, a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences.

The coupon collector’s problem is sometimes called the Dixie cup problem.

OPIFICIUM[edit]

The base paper for paper cups are called “poculum tabula” and are made on special multi-ply paper machines and have a barrier coating for waterproofing. The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing. The cup board grades have a special design for the cup manufacturing processes. Os volumen processum formans requirit bonas proprietates elongationis tabulae et tunicae plasticae. A well formed mouth roll provides good stiffness and handling properties in the cup. The basis weights of the cup boards are 170–350 g/m².^[12]

Ad occursum MUNDITIA opus, charta pocula plerumque fabricata ex virgine (non-REDIVIVUS) materiae.^{[citation needed]} The one exception to this rule is when the paper cup features an extra insulating layer for heat retention, quae numquam attingit cum potum, such as a corrugated layer wrapped round a single-wall cup.

Waterproofing[edit]

primum, chartas poculorum calidarum potionum conglutinata sunt et facta impervia omisso parvo argilla in fundo poculi., deinde in summa celeritate ut argillae parietes poculi ascenderent, resistentia faciens chartam aquarum. tamen, hoc effecit potus olfaciendi gustandique cardboard.

Pocula frigidarum potuum non eodem modo tractari possunt, sicut condensatio formae in foris, tum in tabula libat, faciens calicem instabile. Ad hoc remedium, poculi artifices arte poculi cum cera tum intus tum extra spargendi elaboraverunt. Clay- and wax-coated cups disappeared with the invention of polyethylene (Pe)-iactaret scyphi; hic processus superficiem tabulae contegit cum strato tenuissimo PE, waterproofing cum tabula et glutino commissurae in unum.

Excudendi in charta scyphi[edit]

Primum charta pocula typis utens Flexilis caudices insidentes cylindrici, alio cylindro colore. Registration per varios colores valde difficile, but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours, permittens enim magis universa designs. Typographia flexographica idealis facta est ad diuturnos decurrit et artifices hac methodo plerumque utuntur cum super decies centena millia cyathos producens. Machines such as Comexi are used for this, quae aptae sunt ad extra magnas turbationes capiendas quae per chartam poculi fabricantium requiruntur. Ink technology has also changed and where solvent-based inks were being used, aquam, secundum inks sunt pro assuetudo. Una e parte effectus solvendo substructio inks est quod calidum potus potio maxime olfacit solvendo, cum aqua-substructio inks hanc quaestionem removerunt. Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing, which can vary from anything from 10,000 to 100,000 scyphi. Inks cinguli excudendi etiam ortae sunt et quamquam in praeterito hae solvendo fundatae sunt, the latest soya-based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling. The latest development is Direct-printing, quae in minimis quantitates excudendi concedit, typically e * 1,000 scyphi, and is used by companies including The Paper Cup Company offering small quantities in short lead times. Rotogravure can also be used, sed hoc perquam sumptuosum est ac plerumque tantum adhibitum est pro elementis quae requirit altissimam qualitatem imprimendi sicut vasa glaciei cremor.

Environmental impact[edit]

Recycling[edit]

Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal. Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations. Since most paper cups are coated with plastic (polyethylene), then both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon because of the difficulty in separating the polyethylene in the recycling process of said cups. As of 2016, there are only two facilities in the UK able to properly recycle PE-coated cups; in the absence of such facilities, the cups are taken to landfill, or *, at best, incinerated.

A UK-based business group James Cropper have developed the world’s first facility for the effective recycling of the estimated 2.5 billion paper coffee cups used and disposed of by British businesses each year, and have become one of 14 international companies to formally join the Paper Recovery and Recycling Group (PCRRG).

James Cropper’s Reclaimed Fibre Facility was opened by HM The Queen in July 2013, and recovers both the plastic and paper from the cups; ensuring nothing is wasted from the recycling process.^[13] Although paper cups are made from renewable resources (wood chips 95% by weight), paper products in a landfill might not decompose, or can release methane, if decomposed anaerobically.

A Newport Beach, CA company, Smart Planet Technologies has developed a process for modifying the polyethylene coating on paper cups and folding cartons so they are engineered for recyclability. Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA has begun a program to use cups made with this technology to capture and sell the fibers to fund scholarships for their students. ^[14]

The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents. Paper cups may consume more non-renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam (whose only significant effluent is pentane).^[15][16]

Paper vs plastic[edit]

A vita cycle inventory collatio chartarum nobis poculorum plasticorum ostendit effectus environmental utriusque cum nullo claro victor.^[17]

Polyethylene (Pe) est PETROLEUM-fundatur membrana charta scyphorum quae possunt retardo processus of biodegrading in charta et tunicas habeatis.

Acidum polylacticum (Pla) est a * biodegradable bio-plastic membrana uti in aliqua charta scyphi. PLA est a renewable resource et certified compostable, quod significat cum biodegrades, toxicus residua aliqua non relinquat.^[18] PLA-lined cups are thus the only paper cups which can be composted fully. Omnes chartae scyphi modo possunt REDIVIVUS ad specialem curationem facilitatem cuiuscumque lining.^[19]

Plures civitates - comprehendo Portland, Oregon - interdictum XPS spumeus pocula sumentes et cibum popinae.^[20]

Emissions[edit]

A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve (16 ounce) shows that the CO₂ emissions is about 0.11 kilograms (0.24 lb) per cup with sleeve – including paper from trees, materiae, production and shipping.^[21]

Habitat-loss trees used[edit]

The habitat loss from one 16 ounce paper coffee cup with a sleeve is estimated to be 0.09 square meters (0.93 square feet).^{[dubious – discuss][22][unreliable source?]} Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper coffee cups used by U.S. in 2006, using 4 billion US gallons (15,000,000 m³) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds (115,000,000 kg) of waste. Overall, US Americans use 58% of all paper cups worldwide, amounting to 130 billion cups.^{[13][unreliable source?][23][unreliable source?]}

Opercula[edit]

Chartae calices varias in operculis habere possunt. The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt, exempli gratia, plerumque duo genera opercula: a plastic press-on, resealable, lid used for large “familia magnitudine” continentia, 250-1,000 ml (8-30 US fl oz), where not all of the yogurt may be consumed at any one time and thus the ability to re-close the container is required and heat-seal foil lids used for small “unum servientes” continentia, 150–200 ml (5-7 US fl oz).^[24]

Potiones calidae in papyris venditi possunt venire cum operculo plastico, ut bibere calidum et ne profluvium. These lids have a hole through which the drink can be sipped. In plastic palpebris plures habere possunt features comprehendo cortices tabs, moenibus erectis ad defendendum spumas COMEDUS calidas potiones et toreumata.^[25] In 2008, Starbucks introduced shaped plastic “fundent haeret” ut angustos foraminis, In quibusdam eorum stores, Post mos querelas de calidum capulus spargens per eam.^[26][27]